Bisphosphonates for the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis

نویسنده

  • Lisa Anne Boothby
چکیده

Patients with osteopenia or osteoporosis are at even greater risk when multiple risk factors confound low BMD scores.8,9 Potentially modifiable risk factors include current cigarette smoking,4 alcoholism, and inadequate physical activity.4,7,8 Causes of estrogen deficiency, such as menopause before 45 years of age and premenopausal amenorrhea for more than one year, increase osteoporosis risk as well.6

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تاریخ انتشار 2003